Reflection About Deaf Culture - 1295 Words

At the age of 2, I lost my hearing in Pakistan from a disease called meningitis. When I was 4, my family and I to came to America to explore hearing options. Before coming to America, I had no formal communication, I couldn’t speak or sign. My mom also wanted me to be a part of the hearing culture because I needed to learn English and Urdu so I can communicate with family members. My mom worked with our doctor and I received the cochlear implant. It was so I could communicate in the hearing world and be able to talk and hear. After I got my surgery, I began school and was isolated between hearing and deaf kids. My hearing loss was leaning towards the deaf culture but I wanted to stay with the hearing culture and I did. In the deaf culture,†¦show more content†¦The Pakistani culture is heavily influenced by the religion. In our culture, we don’t and are not allowed to drink alcohol, but drinking alcohol is a custom in America. Many of the different cultures and religions in the USA have celebrations and customs with alcohol. My family and I haven’t been enslaved from anyone to drink alcohol as other respect our culture as well. Muslim Pakistani’s avoid environments in which alcohol is served due to this restriction. However, when one must be present where alcohol is served they do not order or drink alcohol but instead order another beverage. Another way that our culture differs with the American culture, is that in our culture females must cover their entire body and hair. But in the American culture people don’t wear as much clothing as our culture does. Our culture and the American culture both have to compromise and accept each other as it is part of the diverse American. In Pakistani culture, people usually live in the same house for generations. This means that we have neighbors that stay at the same house for generations as well. Because of this we become very close and attached with our neighbors. We take care and help our neighbors like family. But in America, people are constantly moving and although we know our neighbors we don’t have the same connection and don’t get a chance to be as close. Unfortunately, we cannot stop people from moving and mustShow MoreRelatedStatus Quo, From High School Musical925 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first referred to this assignment, I immediately thought about the song called â€Å"Status Quo† from High School Musical. This was one of my favorite movies when I was a teenager. The song plays in the movie while Gabrielle’s friends are telling her that if she dates Troy, the popular basketball player, it will mess us the â€Å"status quo.† In a cute dance number they break out in song in the cafeteria singing. From watching that movie, I already had an understanding of what I needed to reflectRead MoreThrough Deaf Eyes Reflection Paper1708 Words   |  7 PagesThrough Deaf Eyes Reflection Paper â€Å"Through Deaf Eyes† was a documentary that really opened my eyes and allowed me to understand just a small fraction of what it may be like for a Deaf person to live in a hearing world. The first thing that really stuck with me was the fact that the film was all silent. The part that made it easy for me to understand was the fact that there was closed captioning. All throughout the film, all participants, both Deaf and hearing, were signing at what seemed like lightningRead More Teachers Options Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Options There are many options open to teachers of deaf children in a variety of situations. In teaching deaf and hard of hearing children there is such a wide range of children, each with their own abilities. Each child also has a different family situation to take into account. Some children come from deaf families, some they are the only deaf family member, and some have no support from their families because they are deaf. There are also students that have family members that makeRead MoreThe Separations Of Common Hearing Loss1126 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity, elucidating three groups that are considered the major division that identify within the Hard of hearing community, appropriately. There are a few distinguishing common, yet complex challenges, and universal problems of living within their culture. Based on the qualities of psychosocial perspectives of hearing loss, there are distinctive views of socialism, activities and everyday life that affects his or her lifestyle. Parti ally, the sense of hearing could be considered a major predicamentRead MoreWhy I Decided to Enter the Teaching Profession1020 Words   |  4 PagesInstructor Diploma Course. I am part-time instructor assistant for Deaf and Hard of Hearing program (DHH) at Vancouver Community College. I have worked with varied students – deaf, hard of hearing, deaf with disabilities. All of those adult students from full diversity of different sector and different religions in existing country. Not only that, some of students are fortunate enough to have already attended schools for the deaf in their home countries, and others may have had no education at allRead MoreQuestions on Audism628 Words   |  2 PagesIn your own words, what is paternalism? Paternalism is the belief that someone knows better than the individual him or herself what is the right way for that individual to live. For example, for centuries, many men had paternalistic attitudes about middle-class women, deeming it unseemly for women to work. Paternalism was used by self-interested whites to justify enslaving African-Americans for their own good, or to colonize non-white people to carry the white mans burden. Paternalism literallyRead MoreCritical Reflection On Self And, And Challenging External Power Structures804 Words   |  4 Pagesour interests that potentially harm service users (Bloom, 2006). Through critical reflection we have a better understanding of power relationships, which makes us mindful of not perpetuating people’s experiences of oppression in our working relationships with them. Deconstruction highlighted how implicit construction of power is disenabling and easily subscribed to as the dominant discourse. Critical reflection allows social workers to silently asking oneself as observing oneself in practice questionsRead MoreTwo Kinds1095 Words   |  5 Pages Two Kinds is a wonderful little short story about a immigrant Chinese woman in the mid 1950’s to early 1960’s that moved to Chinatown in California to give herself a better opportunity to make it in America. In the story we see the Amy’s mother as a woman who already has dealt with her fair share of pain and disappointment. Jeng-mei mothers entire family seemed to have been wiped out before she came to America from China Jeng-mei explains â€Å" she had come to San Fra ncisco in 1949 after losingRead MoreHow Therapy Should Be Focused On The Patient1523 Words   |  7 Pagestherapy should be focused on the patient, and a deeply important part of the patient is their culture. Culture is never the same for each person—even if they are the same race. Gender, race, ethnicity, social class and many other factors affect each individual differently, a concept known as intersectionality. Each one of us forms our own self-concept based on our own subjective experiences. The same way culture affects every person differently, each person has a motivating force called actualizationRead MoreVolunteering at a Camp for Deaf Children Essay2169 Words   |  9 PagesReflections on Volunteering at a Camp for Deaf Children It was the first night of camp, and the kids were lining up for dinner. Most were still showing signs of adjusting: the older, seasoned campers were renewing friendships and checking out possible new ones, the girls carrying on animated conversations while their eyes strayed ever so slightly, sweeping the area like radar, acknowledging the presence of a teenaged boy with a blip in the eyes; the younger campers were more reserved, fighting

Islamic Women Free Essays

Islamic Women†¦ Is There an End to their sufferings? The question proposed in the title is basically a direct response after going through Geraldine Brooks’ essay â€Å"Nine Parts of Desire; The Hidden World of Islamic Women† in its second chapter. Geraldine poses several ideas and personal experiences in which she tries to understand the mystery of the perpetuating repressive and barbaric practices (genital mutilation, infibulations, hysterectomy, and honor killings) that have nothing to do with Koranic teachings. She starts her essay in a detailed description of a gruesome and shocking scene of a hysterectomy procedure that took place under poor and unequipped conditions (Brooks 33). We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many women that were subjected to such practices ended up dead. For such manner, Dr. Abrehet Gebrekidan, a gynecologist, offered the Eritreans help since her skills will ensure their survival (Brooks 34). Furthermore, the Kuran refused the existence of the dreadful genital mutilation procedures, but the women were not educated enough to read it (Brooks 35). And despite the consequences of such procedures, they believed that such procedures were to safeguard the girls’ chastity where the honor of the fathers and brothers depended on (Brooks 37). As for men, they believed that these operations are equivalent to their honors, therefore they must repress women sexualities by turning off their pleasure sites otherwise they will end up as prostitutes (Brooks 35). The prophet Muhammad, who is the ideal person of all Muslims, believed that women should enjoy sexual intercourse with their husbands. And that it is forbidden to take away women desires (Brooks 39). According to Muslims, specifically Shiite, adultery â€Å"sigheh or muta† is acceptable and sanctioned by a cleric where the couple are together mainly for having sex and providing money (Brooks 43). Brooks also mentions the idea of honor killings that were and still adopted in some Islamic tribes. They believe that fathers and brothers have the right to kill their own daughters or sisters when suspecting that they are having sexual intercourse without marriage (Brooks 49). Brooks obviously mentions that the Kuran (Islam) is not a mean of oppression to women, but then why are there so many women oppressed? All this leads to my personal stand towards such an essential and critical issue. I agree with Geraldine Brooks that Islamic women should strive against such unfair practices and beliefs, and to free themselves from the power of ruled Islamic men for they are suffering from severe consequences. Islamic women should articulate spokeswomen to put an end to their miseries where they can maintain physical, social, and emotional stability. Imagine you were one of the African women who were subjected to such horrifying operation, how would you feel? Frightened, disgusted, hopeless, and worthless. Genital mutilation is a result of delusions of men where they think that their honor will be preserved and maintained through such operations. It is devastating what they do to such women. Their clitoris is cut off in an unprofessional way with poor and unclean equipment which led them to suffer from a lot of pain during sexual intercourse. Moreover, such women used to bleed to death during such operations or if not during the operation then later by suffering from severe infections and debilitating anemia (Brooks 34). To prove such point, Brooks reflected the real life experience of a woman that had her clitoris cut off when she was eight. After getting married, she was subjected to pain every time she had sex with her husband. And giving birth to her last fifth child ended her life (Brooks 33). Women are suffering from physical malfunctions and even death for something they are born with. Is it fair for men to have their honors preserved at the expense of losing so many innocent women? Isn’t there another way? According to the Kuran in Islam, and the hadith of the prophet Mohammad, women have the complete right to enjoy sex and satisfy their pleasures with their husbands. Men and women are equal when it comes to sex; however they should be married as the Sharia (Law) of Islam states (Brooks 39). The Islamic religion did not mention about hysterectomy and did not approve of it as a way to reflect man’s honor. The prophet Muhammad considered sex to be not only a mean to have children but an enjoyable and pleasurable relation between the couple, and he himself enjoyed it with all his wives (Brooks 41). Moreover, some people might think that the citizens in Saudi Arabia are always confused about sex since they’re women are covered with a veil. However, these people talk about sex all the time and it is not a shy topic for them. For example, Brooks knew a couple in Saudi Arabia that fell in love over the phone and agreed to instantly marry. When Brooks was invited to their home, she was surprised that women there talk about sex all the time and it is a mean for pleasure (Brooks 40). This ensures and proves that women who are having sex while married and enjoying it, is socially and religiously acceptable. But despite that, people are ignoring such issues and girls that did not even reach the age of ten don’t have a choice. They are just taught that it is important for them to undergo hysterectomy for the sake of their families. The horrors of these operations keep haunting them throughout their lives until they are long gone. One by one, all these women are being killed for the sake of their spouses believing that it is the right choice. It is so ironic to me that women get married to die instead of living happily ever after. Women are definitely imprisoned by the power of men. Till now, the sufferings of women that I’ve explained are because of men’s demands and authorities. To be more precise, here comes the notion of so-called â€Å"honor killing†. To men, and especially Islamic men, honor is extremely important to them and the family in their own society. It is so important that they would kill their own flesh and blood for the sake of preserving their honors. In her essay, Brooks mentions the example of the nineteen years old girl that was found tied up in a burned-out car. She was murdered by her own father because the girl was pregnant and unmarried (Brooks 51). The poor little girl had an affair probably with her loved one, and for that she faced her miserable destiny. Isn’t it all cleared out now? All these crimes, inhumane acts, and the never ending miseries of women are the result of the demands and satisfaction of the ruling men. Therefore, gynecologists revealed a new modern way for such girls to protect themselves for death by undergoing a procedure called hymenoplasty, also known as hymen reconstruction surgery. Lebanon is one of the Arab countries that adopted such procedure (Hankir 387). In Lebanon, the majority of people find having sex before marriage a taboo and a sin. To them, virginity of a girl is something so sacred and it determines her honor. Therefore, a girl must remain virgin until she gets married otherwise no man will accept her, and it will cause a lot of problems in her family (Hankir 387). For example, a twenty five-year-old Diana wants to get her hymen reconstructed because she is afraid of losing the one she wants to marry, and she can’t risk having her family find out. Obviously, the man she loves doesn’t accept her as a non virgin (Hankir 387). But the generation now a days is very much different than the generation of our parents and their parents. Sexuality, and especially in Lebanon, has become something normal between two couples. Many teenagers are having sex since their beliefs and mentalities are more up to date and westernized. Also, they can always resort to hymenoplasty as a solution for their â€Å"sins†. I believe that this procedure is somehow helpful in certain cases. For example, when a girl gets raped, she can undergo hymenoplasty to cover up for something she had nothing to do with. If she didn’t, many boys will refuse to marry her, and she will be judged wrongly all her life. Genital mutilation is definitely not a substitution for honor killing and vice versa. Both highlight and reflect crimes, inhumanity, and barbarity. Can’t we all just build a society where it is banned from men controlling women and having the right to kill their daughters? A society where women are as much powerful as men and are not afraid to hide their reality with a plastic surgery? Also, there should exist an acceptable punishment for those girls far away from ending their lives since God only is responsible for such duty. To sum up, we live in the Arab world where man was and is still dominant over women. Men tend to control the lives of women as they want to as if they are nothing more than slaves. Honor killing, genital mutilation, and no education are all part of the plan of men. Women are just for satisfying the pleasure of men, and giving birth. Men fear the idea of educating women since they will become as powerful as men and seek to free and protect themselves from the captivation of men. And this leads me to my final stand. Women are capable of living a much more healthy and happy life by strengthening their will and educating themselves. They should not tolerate the demands of men for they bring nothing but miseries and severe consequences on their lives. How to cite Islamic Women, Essay examples

Finally Rich by Chief Keef free essay sample

This album is called Finally Rich by Chief Keef. He calls it Finally Rich because he finally got a record deal and moved out the hood. The album is produced by Young Chop and Chief Keef is signed to Interscop Records. The hit songs on this album include Don’t Like; Hate being sober, 3hunna, Kobe, and Love Sosa. Finally Rich has 12 songs on there unless you get the deluxe version with 15 songs adding Citgo, Kobe, and Got them Bands. Don’t Like is the song everyone first listen to when they heard about a rapper name Chief Keef. Most likely after you heard this song you fell in love with his music or you just don’t like trap music. After this song blew up worldwide everyone started to like Chief Keef and listen to his music. Love Sosa is one of the biggest songs he has made besides Don’t like, 3hunna, Kobe, or Hate being Sober. We will write a custom essay sample on Finally Rich by Chief Keef or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone loves that song and the video has over 3 million views on YouTube today. Hate being sober featuring 50 cent and Wiz Khalifa is one of the major songs everyone around the world listens to. It’s a nice catchy song with different flows coming from 50 cent and Wiz Khalifa. Let’s go back into talking about the album. The quality of the music is very nice to me. You wouldn’t like it if you don’t like curse words or talking about money, cars, and clothes. Most of the kids love his music and wouldn’t stop listening to it for the world. The design of the album is nice for his very first album. He has pictures and it turns into a poster. On the inside of the cover album it has a little letter saying who he thanks to the people that got him here. The orders of the songs are nice because his hit songs are spread out and are not in one bunch. The album has very great songs besides the hit songs. Most of the songs on the album became hit songs anyways b ecause the fans loved them so much. For this album I recommend you to go buy it because if you are into to the stuff he talks about in his music or even if you just like the beat you would love it. The beat usually gets to people because the producer Young Chop makes them and he is talented in making beats. The youth loves this music so I recommend it to ages from 12-30. Most of the people who don’t like this type of music are the older people and say that his music is ignorant and that his music shouldn’t even be called music. I say that they should just stop listen to it if you think is ignorant and don’t comment about it anymore. I really do suggest you on buying the album and listen to it. Another good thing about this album is that all his songs on there are over 3 minutes or 4 minutes. The whole album itself takes 45 minutes and 14 seconds to listen to and I promise it will be worth your time. If you listen to his music it most likely will get you in a good mood and makes you not care about what anyone says about you. It at least makes me feel like that because of the lyrics in his songs. You don’t have to go to Best Buy or Wal-Mart to go get his album. His album is also on iTunes and you can go buy it on there.

Live Concert Essay free essay sample

The genre of psychedelic rock uses ragas, which literally means color or hue, and the drones of Indian music to create its individual and mood enhancing sound. This genre is a style of rock that comes from the cultures of the United States as well as the United Kingdom in sasss in which the use of psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs were popular. This music is meant to reflect the feeling and effects of the common drugs and to replicate the experience of a trip from certain drugs such as cannabis, peyote, mescaline, and L SD.This trend began in America first in San Francisco, California and slowly spread through the country. This genre of music still exists today and one form of that music is from the band Dry. Dog which originates from West Grove, Pennsylvania and consists of five members, Tony Leman who plays the bass, Scott Mimicked who is the lead guitar player, Frank McElroy who also plays the rhythm guitar, Each Miller on the keyboard, and Eric Slide on the drums. We will write a custom essay sample on Live Concert Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Much of this music is relaxed and tranquil, not as much hype and energy as typical rock.To create something as unique as that of Psychedelic rock, or acid rock, there are certain instruments that are used to execute the sound. Commonly used instruments in these kinds of bands include the electric guitar, percussion, keyboards, and exotic instruments such as the table and the sitar. These exotic instruments add a new element that was never found in western culture before. These new types of foreign instruments create a new sound and sensation for the listener. Since the whole point of psychedelic rock is to reproduce the awareness of a high from certain drugs, it has many social issues that come along with it.Many Of the songs Of this genre allude to the use or effects Of drugs and the USIA resembles that emotion. The dissonance of the tones within each song creates the feeling of a drug effect and adds to the large subculture of the twentieth century. Although the music did not necessarily encourage the use of drugs to listen to the music, it had a profound effect on people of that generation. The hippie subculture of the sixties and the seventies were some of the people that surrounded this type of music. That doesnt mean that they had to do drugs, but it means they most likely did.These were the people who went against the societal norms and expectations of the era and were engaged in music like psychedelic rock. The lyrics to most of Dry. Dogs songs are quite ambiguous. Each song has a meaning thats personal to the individual who is hearing it. What the listener takes away is something of their own perception and thought process. Through my own interpretation of the lyrics, this part of a song called.

Basic Tips to Ace Your Biology Class

Basic Tips to Ace Your Biology Class Taking a biology class doesnt have to be overwhelming. If you follow a few simple steps, studying will be less stressful, more productive, and result in better grades. Always read the lecture material before class. This simple step will pay big dividends.Always sit in the front of the class. It minimizes distractions and gives you an opportunity for your professor to know who you are.Use effective study techniques like comparing notes with a friend, not cramming, and making sure to start studying well before exams. Biology Study Tips Always read the lecture material before the classroom lecture. This simple step is surprisingly powerful and effective. By preparing beforehand, your time in the actual lecture will be more productive. The basic material will be fresh in your mind and you will have the opportunity to get any questions answered during the lecture. Biology, like most sciences, is hands-on. Most of us learn best when we are actively participating in a topic. So make sure to pay attention in biology lab sessions and actually perform the experiments. Remember, you wont be graded on your lab partners ability to perform an experiment, but your own.Sit in the front of the class. Simple, yet effective. College students, pay close attention. Youll need recommendations one day, so make sure your professor knows you by name and you arent 1 face in 400.Compare biology notes with a friend. Since much of biology tends to be abstract, have a note buddy. Each day after class compare notes with your buddy and fill in any gaps. Two heads are better than one!Use the lull period between classes to immediately review the biology notes you have just taken.Dont cram! As a rule, you should start studying for biology exams a minimum of two weeks prior to the exam.This tip is very important- stay awake in class. Teachers have observed too many people s noozing (even snoring!) in the middle of class. Osmosis may work for water absorption, but it wont work when it comes time for biology exams. Additional Study Tips Avail yourself of your teachers or professors office hours, review sessions, and similar activities. In these sessions, you are able to get any questions answered directly from the source.Many schools have excellent tutorial programs that are a great resource for getting questions answered. Studying for the AP Bio Exam   Those who wish to gain credit for introductory college level biology courses should consider taking an Advanced Placement Biology course. Students enrolled in the AP Biology course must take the AP Biology exam to gain credit. Most colleges will give credit toward entry level biology courses for students who earn a score of 3 or better on the exam. If taking the AP Biology exam, it is a good idea to use good AP Biology exam prep books and flash cards to be sure that you are prepared to score high on the exam. Key Takeaways Always read the lecture material before class. This simple step will pay big dividends.Always sit in the front of the class. It minimizes distractions and gives you an opportunity for your professor to know who you are.Use effective study techniques like comparing notes with a friend, not cramming, and making sure to start studying well before exams.

Best Book Writing Software 14 Writing Tools For Authors [2019 Update]

Best Book Writing Software 14 Writing Tools For Authors [2019 Update] Best Book Writing Software: 14 Writing Tools For Authors [2019 Update] Want to find the best writing software for you in just MINUTES? Take this quiz and well tell you exactly which one will help your writing process the most.Click Here to Take the QuizWriting a book requires something major.It requires the right attitude, a powerful book idea, some solid writing prompts, and the best writing software out there.And we know which writing software is best for you and more importantly, why it matters.With the best writing tools, you can write faster and more effectively. You’ll be more focused, with fewer distractions, and you can actually learn a thing or two from some of them like Grammarly.And just as importantly, you’ll have an easier time keeping your outline, notes, and even those writing exercises organized.But even if you have all the best writing prompts and an imagination that wont quit, you cant do either without the right book writing software.You’ll have to make some choices. Nowadays, authors have so many options when l ooking for the best book writing software.These are 13 of the best book writing software programs both free and those thatll justifiably cost you so you can up your author game:Microsoft Word Word Processor, $79.99Scrivener Word Processor, $45Pages Word Processor, $28Freedom Productivity Software, $2.42/monthGoogle Docs Online Word Processor, FreeEvernote Note-Taking Software, FreeFocusWriter Word Processor, FreeFastPencil Word Processor, FreeyWriter Word Processor, FreeHemingway App Style Grammar Checker, FreeDropbox Document sharing platform,Free Open Office Word Processor,FreeGrammarly Editing Software, FreeLet’s get started by comparing the 3 book writing software â€Å"giants,† and then I’ll share some less well-known tools that might help improve your writing process even more. Which book writing software features are right for you?I’m not trying to sell you on any particular book writing software in this article. Instead, my goal is to give you an idea of what’s out there so you can weigh the options for yourself.Who knows- you may even discover a brand-new writing and publishing tool you absolutely love.In the end, the truth is that there are many great writing tools out there. It isn’t really a question of which tool is BEST. What it comes down to is: which tool works best with YOUR book writing process?There are 11 things to consider when deciding which program to use for your book:How easy is it to format text the way you want?Does it have templates available?How many?How much does it cost?Is the program simple easy to use?Does it offer any extra features or other bells whistles?How about a distraction-free writing experience?Is the program user-friendly?Can you access your files no matter where you are?How easy is it to collaborate with editors team members?Is there distribution capabilities when its time to publish?The Top 3 Book Writing Software ProgramsWriters everywhere flock to these specific tools and claim them to be the best book writing software for them. Well break down each so you can decide for yourself if their features are the best fit.#1 Microsoft WordBefore any other writing tools came along, Microsoft Word was the only option available. Everyone used it.Today, even though there are many other word processors out there, Word is still the most widely used book writing software in the U.S. Millions of people continue to use it for their writing needs.And it’s easy to see why. Word has a lot going for it!It’s been around a long time. It’s trusted, reliable, and gets the job done well.It also provides a relatively distraction-free writing experience; much better than working on Google Docs in your browser, for example, where you’re only an errant mouse-click away from the entire internet.If you just need to wake up in the morning and meet your word-count goals by keeping your head down and getting those words pounded out onto the page, then Word is an obvious choice of book writing software. No fuss, no muss. It’s about as simple as it gets.Word also offers some simple organization. While writing your chapters, changing the chapters heading (seen in the example below) allows easy navigation as your book progresses further and further.Using headers, you can organize your book into chapters- and then you can navigate through them quickly using the Navigation pane:In order to view your navigation pane in outline-format click: View Navigation Pane (its a box to check) select the bullet/outline tab within the navigation pane (seen above).You can also create your own free book writing template using Word. And if you start writing your book in Word and don’t begin with the correct formatting, it’s pretty easy to clean up your formatting to make it â€Å"book ready† with a few simple steps.If you’re a Word user and you’ve got your own system in place for writing books , then perhaps you need to look no further.But as a writing tool, Word does have some downsides.For starters, it doesn’t always play well with Macs. If you use a Mac, then Word might cause you a lot of frustration with crashes and formatting.Thankfully, Apple offers a comparable program called Pages, that we reviewed below for you.Word is also pretty vanilla. That’s part of its appeal, sure, but it also means Word lacks some of the more advanced features you get with other programs like Scrivener and Google Docs.For example, Scrivener offers more advanced outlining functionality. And Google Docs makes it easier to share and collaborate on your files.All in all, Word is a solid contender for best book writing software. But there are many other choices out there.Book Writing Software Cost: $79.99 if purchased separately.#2 Scrivener You just learned that Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processor in the world. But does that mean it’s the best book writ ing software?Think about it this way. The fact that Word is so prevalent means that it has to cater to all sorts of users- students, businesspeople, writers, teachers, marketers, lawyers, the list goes on and on and on.But Scrivener was created for one type of person only:Writers.And if you’re a writer, chances are you’ve heard of Scrivener. A lot of writers absolutely love this program, with its advanced features and distraction-free writing experience.In short, Scrivener gives you an insane amount of flexibility for writing, formatting, and organizing your book for self-publishing.Blogger and author, Jeff Goins, swears by Scrivener after giving up word. He says,â€Å"I wasted years of my life doing all my writing on Microsoft Word. But that’s all over now. I have finally seen the light.†Entrepreneur Michael Hyatt also praises Scrivener: â€Å"I now begin every piece of content- no matter what it is- with this tool. It has simplified my life and enabled me to focus on the most important aspect of my job- creating new content. I am more productive than ever.† Here are some of the top takeaways of this book writing software:Helps with plotting for fiction authorsEasily export your data to other digital platforms such as Kobo, ibooks, etc. (this is one of the best features)Provides outlining functionality that keeps your content organizedPowerful composition mode with distraction-free writing environmentEasily drag and drop to move sections aroundProvides a collection of robust templatesSupports MultiMarkdown for bullets and numbersBecause Scrivener was designed for writers, it’s super easy to lay out scenes, move content around, and outline your story, article, or manuscript.Instead of keeping all your content in one big file, Scrivener allows you to create multiple sub-files to make it easier to organize and outline your project: Scrivener is a fabulous tool for plotting out storylines. Using the corkboard view, for in stance, you can recreate the popular â€Å"notecard method† for outlining your project:But as awesome as Scrivener is, it’s not perfect.And the biggest downside to using Scrivener is the steep learning curve involved. You aren’t going to master this program overnight.But if you’re serious about your writing career, then investing the time to learn this specific writing tool will be worth it. You’ll save time and energy in the long run.And if you want to learn how to use Scrivener as quickly easily as possible, we can help! Heres a full Scrivener tutorial so you can easily maneuver this program. If you want to dig even deeper, you can also download the Scrivener Manual, or watch the Scrivener YouTube tutorials they’ve put together at Literature Latte. Long story short: Scrivener is an investment, but one thats worth it. It will take some time to master. But once you get the hang of it, you’ll never go back- it’s the single mos t powerful book writing software out there.If you like what you see from Scrivener, you can buy it here:Buy Scrivener 3 for macOS (Regular License)Buy Scrivener for Windows (Regular License)Book Writing Software Cost: $45#3 Google Docs We’ve looked at the appealing simplicity of Word and the in-depth power of Scrivener, but there’s another book writing software that more and more people are starting to use for various reasons:Google Docs.ï » ¿Essentially, Google Docs is a stripped-down version of Word that you can only use online. It’s a simple, yet effective writing tool.The beauty of this program (and Google Drive in general) comes in the ability to share content, files, and documents among your team. You can easily communicate via comments, for example: This program keeps a complete history of all changes made to a document, so if you accidentally delete something you wanted to keep, simply click the link at the top of the screen that says, â€Å"All chang es saved in drive.†That will bring up the version history, where you can review all the changes that have been made to your book file and revert to a previous version if you so choose.Google Docs doesn’t require any installation and can be accessed anywhere via your browser, or an app on your phone.(Anyone who has ever lost a draft of a book understands how valuable this feature is!)And here’s one of the best features: everything is saved on the server frequently and automatically, so you never have to fret about losing a version or draft of your workPlus you can access your work when you move from one location or another- no carrying a laptop or thumb drive around with you. When you share a book draft with others, like test readers or your editor, they can comment directly on the draft using the built-in comment functionality.Out of the â€Å"big 3† book writing software tools, Google Docs is probably the least sophisticated when it comes to formatting an d outlining tools. But it makes up for that with easy collaboration, sharing, and online access.Book Writing Software Cost: FreeBook Writing Software You Might Not Know AboutLets get to know some of the best book writing tools you can use to up your author game and make some progress.Just because you may not be familiar with a specific writing software doesnt mean its not beneficial or even better than what youre using now.#1 Pages Think of Pages as the Mac alternative to Microsoft Word.It has a variety of beautiful templates to choose from, has a simple design, and syncs with all devices from within iCloud so you can access it in a number of different places.Personally, I love the ease of Pages. It works great for creating ebooks or manuscripts with a variety of writing tools you can get creative with.Book Writing Software Cost: $28#2 FreedomFreedom isn’t technically a writing tool, but it sure can help improve your writing. It’s a productivity app designed to help eliminate distractions by blocking certain websites something more than beneficial for those of us who get sidetracked easily.For example: let’s say you have a tendency to get distracted by social media sites. All you have to do us start a Freedom session that blocks all your social media sites- and then you won’t be able to visit them even if you wanted to.Here’s what it looks like when you schedule a session:Notice that you have a lot of options. You can schedule one-time sessions (starting now or later), or you can set up recurring sessions (for example, to block distracting sites every day when it’s time to write).When you try to visit a site that’s being blocked, you’ll get this message:This is a really liberating tool. Once you know you don’t have the option of visiting those distracting sites, you’ll find it easier to keep focused on your writing and you’ll be able to get a lot more done.Book Writing Software Cos t: $2.42/month and up, or $129 for lifetime access.#3 UlyssesIf youre a Mac owner, this might be the best book writing software for you. While you do have to pay $39.99 per year to use it, the cost to use Ulysses is completely justified.One of the best features has to be the distraction-free capabilities. As a writer who gets distracted easily, this is definitely a feature I look for in a good book writing software. This one is also great for exporting. Meaning, you can do all your writing in-app and then export it in relatively any format youd need in order to send it to your editor, critique partner, or even beta readers.And if youre someone who has a hard time keeping all of your notes and ideas organized for your book, this app also has a feature that helps you keep all of it straight!Say goodbye to forgetting what you wanted to add in that obscure scene you wrote two months ago!Overall, this is one of the best book writing software programs out there for Mac users. But if your e not sure if its worth the price, you can actually try it forfree for 14 days. What a deal!Book Writing Software Cost: $39.99/yearFree Book Writing SoftwareTheres not much we love more than getting stuff for free especially when it comes to our aspirations. You dont have to doll out a ton of cash just to use highly beneficial book writing software.In fact, there are many bestfree book writing software programs.#1 FastPencil FastPencil is a nice little platform with lots of tools. You can also use it for distributing your ebook. It is free to start writing with, but they offer paid services as well.Everything happens online in your browser, which means you can access your files from any computer (as long as you’re connected to the Internet).Here’s what the word processor looks like:Book Writing Software Cost: Free (paid upgrades are optional)#2 FocusWriterFocusWriter is a word processor for writers thats intended to eliminate distractions to help you get your book w ritten quicker. Its a basic, lightweight writing tool that was designed to be completely free of progress inhibiting distractions.In its fullscreen mode, there are no toolbars or additional windows, just a background and your text so that you can concentrate solely on writing your draft.FocusWriter also allows you to choose what your screen looks like, as seen in the example below.You can customize the image in the background to suit your project to help inspire your writing.It’s simple and effective. If you need a lot of features, it probably won’t work for you. But if simplicity is your thing, then you may have found your perfect free writing tool.Book Writing Software Cost: Free#3 yWriter yWriter is a really popular word processor (intended mainly for novelists) with some impressive features (especially for a program that’s completely free).It helps keep your project organized by giving you space to include notes on all sorts of things, like character notes, scene notes, scene goals, etc.You can specify whose point of view each scene will be written in, and you can see the word count of your entire novel broken out by chapter- all at a quick glance:One thing that yWriter does differently than a lot of other writing programs is focus on scenes rather than on chapters. A lot of writers prefer this since scenes are usually fun chunks of story to work on.And using yWriter, you can rearrange all those scenes to compose a compelling novel.I’d call it a Scrivener alternative thats free to use. But one downside is that it only works for Windows (at least, for now).Book Writing Software Cost: Free#4 EvernoteEvernote is a note-taking app. It’s a great way to keep track of your thoughts- like brainstorming ideas, outlining chapters, and jotting down inspiration when it strikes.The mobile app is particularly useful for capturing new ideas when they strike, since most people have their phone with them 24/7. This is what it looks like on a mobile device:While Evernote has been around for a little while, they seem to always be expanding on their features, making it one of the best writing softwares out there.Here’s are some of the extended features Evernote offers:While you can use Evernote to write content- I’ve used it for writing blogs and other small sections of books- you wouldn’t want to use it as your main word processor. Its functionality is a bit too limited.But as a way of keeping track of ideas, it’s a great find.Book Writing Software Cost: Free, but there is a cool upgrade for $5 a month that gets you Evernote Premium#5 Hemingway EditorThe Hemingway Editor is a unique kind of writing tool. It’s a style checker that’s designed to help tighten up your prose and make your writing clear and bold. Simply paste your writing into the editor and scroll through. You’ll notice that the program highlights certain words passages- like long, hard-to-read sentences , passive verbs, and phrases with simpler alternatives.Its basically your own personal editor rolled into a writing software.Here’s an example of what it looks like:(Yikes. Too bad Dickens didn’t have this app.)What I love about this tool is how easy it is to use. Everything is color-coded and super easy to understand, so you can see at a glance where your writing could use a little elbow grease.Book Writing Software Cost: Free, or you can purchase the desktop version for $19.99.#6 DropboxReading this, you may be wondering:Dropbox? How is that a writing tool?Trust me- it is!While it’s true that Dropbox isn’t a word processor like Scrivener or yWriter, it is a very helpful writing tool. Especially for writers who write on more than one computer, who need to collaborate with other writers or editors, or who want an easy way to back up their work.Here’s how it works:When you set up Dropbox and install it on your computer, it will create a new â€Å" Dropbox† folder on your machine.Any files that you save in this folder will be automatically backed up to Dropbox’s servers in the cloud, which will be automatically downloaded to any other computers that are synced to that same Dropbox account.A lot of writers choose to save their book on Dropbox, so that it will be automatically backed up. And as you can see, it looks the same as any other folder on your computer:Using this strategy, you can make it easier to share and collaborate on your files- even if you aren’t using Google Docs.Book Writing Software Cost: Free for a basic plan, or $9.99/month for extra storage.#7 Open OfficeYou may know of this software, you may not. Essentially, its a free version of a word processor much like Word or Pages. If you dont have Word on your computer and cant afford to buy it, this is a great alternative thatll get the job done.Heres what this book writing software looks like:The capabilities are pretty limited with Open Offi ce but if you really only need the basics and dont want to spend any money, this is the perfect writing software for you.Book Writing Software Cost:Free#8 PauseForIf youre someone who needs incentive to stay off your phone (and actually write), this is a perfect writing software.Technically, its not for writing. PauseForis a productivity app designed to motivate you to stay off your phone. That means you can get more writing done by spending less time scrolling through Twitter or whatever your social medial of choice is.How?PauseFor is designed for YOU to set a time, and then not pick up your phone until that time is done.But whats the incentive?The longer you stay off your phone and the more sessions you complete successfully, the more youll have to DONATE. Thats right. You can be a philanthropist AND a writer at the same time.Simply set your time, dont touch your phone, and collect your Kin. When you a certain amount, you get to choose where the donations go.Book Writing Software Cost: Free + the added benefit of feeling great about donating#9 GrammarlyIf you havent heard of this editing software, youve been living under a rock. It has taken over as one of the most versatile simple editing softwares and for a good reason.We have a Grammarly review that covers all the features and functions but essentially, this is a browser extension you can download and it automatically corrects your grammar and spelling in whichever online medium youre writing on. This writing software is perfect if you need to brush up on your grammar or are looking for an easy way to sound professional in written emails as well.Book Writing Software Cost: Free with upgrade optionsHow Much Does Book Writing Software Programs Cost?I would recommend not worrying too much about the cost of these programs. After all, dropping $100 or less on a program is not that big a deal if it is going to help improve your writing for years to come.That said, I know you work hard for your money- and you want to get the best deal you can!Here is a breakdown of the most recent prices for all of the tools in this article along with their comparative features:Writing SoftwareCostMicrosoft Word$79.99Scrivener$45Pages$28Freedom$2.42/monthGoogle DocsFreeEvernoteFreeFocusWriterFreeFastPencilFreeHemingway AppFreeDropboxFreeOpen OfficeFreeyWriterFreeWhats Your Favorite Book Writing Software?Take some time to check out each of these tools if you aren’t already using them. Stay focused on crafting your next book and stick with the book writing software that gives you the best results in terms of saving you money, time, and frustration.Keep writing. Keep it simple. Best of all, enjoy the creative process!Now that you have these awesome tools at your disposal, what is your favorite writing tool? What best suits your needs as an author? Can you speed up the writing process with any particular tool?What to do NextWriting a book takes a lot more than discovering some helpful book writing sof tware. Heres what you can do right now to head in the right direction with your book.#1 Join your free training!The process of learning never stops when it comes to writing and publishing a book. And just because you have a fancy piece of software doesnt mean writing a book will come naturally.In fact, it hardly ever does.

DBA Comprehenive Examination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

DBA Comprehenive Examination - Research Paper Example According to Jensen & Ruback (1983) mergers and acquisitions benefit companies as it provides synergy, tax saving, shareholder wealth maximization and signaling. Draper & Paudyal (2008) state mergers and acquisitions have been beneficial to economies as the production achieves higher efficiency and has improved output. The economies achieved the ability to have improved bargaining power with the supplier and customer due to mergers and acquisitions. Mergers provide the companies to get tax savings. Mergers and Acquisitions According to Elebourne & Rambarran (2004), the process of merger refers to the process where one company is merged with another, and acquisition refers to the process when the company acquires another company. The merger process can be horizontal, vertical or conglomerate. As per Stigler (1950), horizontal mergers are achieved by merging the products and services. Horizontal merger is used in the way that the share of the company increases in the market and it was common during the onset of World War I, when the stock market crashed in 1903-1904. Two firms are merged in a vertical manner when they are merged through the value chain. Sudarsanam (2003) defines conglomerate merger as a common M & A method where the companies from different industries come together. All the three types of merger systems require the companies to merge in three ways: 1. The revenues of the companies should be merged to achieve a high revenue generating company. 2. The expenses of the two companies should merge to achieve a low expense operation. 3. The cost of capital of the two companies should be combined which will reduce the overall cost of capital. The cost saving is archived through the removal of repetitive process in the two companies for which the merger is required at various level. Integration can happen in full functional area of the companies; for example - human resource, accounting, information technology, marketing, finance and operations. The new c ompany will be working on best practices of the two companies and certain key factors will be merged together to have a modern age merger and acquisition. Minimal merge will be adopted by personnel and it will involve reducing redundancies. The best ways of mergers are when the two companies come together to exploit the best of other. This method is called positioning and it happens when the two companies position by taking advantage of the trends in the market. Gap filing refers to the condition when the two companies have major weaknesses, which is reduced due to the merger. The company having strength becomes an advantage for the other company and both the companies are benefited. Mergers can happen for business reasons; for example in bargain purchases where the company can be acquired at a low cost and this helps both the companies. Mergers can also provide the method of diversification which is needed for improving the earnings and to achieve higher opportunities and growth in business. The companies can get further growth through mergers and there are certain mergers which can provide short term growth to the company. The acquisition of two companies should be optimistic and bad decisions should be eliminated from the processes of merger and acquisition. Three specific examples of challenges of major challenges faced by the companies during M & A in the last five years are: 1. Merging

Short answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short answer questions - Assignment Example As more red blood cells pass through the tissue, warmth (calor) sets in. Increase in vascular permeability results in fluid to shifting into the connective tissue that causes edema. Vasodilation and thickening of blood encourages leucocytes to stick to blood vessels. Margi nation occurs and leucocytes crawl between the endothelial cells and enter the inflamed tissues. Phagocytosis occurs, microbes are engulfed and destroyed by white blood cells and lastly tissue repair begins (Lydyard & Whelan, 2011).An example when a malaria protozoan enters the body through mosquito bite, the body’s immune becomes active, there is increase in white blood cell circulation. An individual presents with pain and fever. Edema might set in later phase. Inflammation can be classified according to exudate, period, site, and etiology. Based on exudate, inflammations result in fluid accumulation in the tissues. These inflammations can be suppurative inflammation where pus forms resulting into a skin abscess, serous where thin watery exudate forms. An example is blister. In etiology, inflammation can be either aseptic or septic. Aseptic are chemical substance radiations while septic are living organisms that result into inflammation. Based on location, inflammation occurs in different regions of the body depending on the causative agent, for example, tuberculosis causes inflammation of the lungs. Duration depends on the type of hypersensitivity (Lydyard & Whelan, 2011). Type I like insect bites take shorter period to manifest than Type IV where graft transplanting takes 3 days to manifest. The immune system provides three lines of defenses. The first line of defense is made up of nonspecific barriers. This includes chemical and physical barriers that prevent foreign agents from penetrating the outer layer of the body. These barriers are the skin, the mucous membrane, hair, tears, sweat saliva, gastric secretions, and cerumen. The second line of defense consists of leucocytes.

Multiple intelligences Essay Example for Free

Multiple intelligences Essay Multiple intelligences is a theory birthed by Dr. Gardner. It challenged the traditional IQ based education system. Gardner did not approve of the traditional benchmark of education by using IQ. He insisted that this system is narrow in its focus and ignores other intelligences that could be used. The other intelligences are as follows: †¢ Linguistic intelligence which deals with wording and speech †¢ Spatial intelligence which deals with interpretation of pictures and pictorial data e. g. graphs †¢ Musical intelligence †¢ Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence that deals with body understanding †¢ Logical-mathematical intelligence that deals with the reasoning and processing of number information †¢ Interpersonal intelligence dealing with how a person relates to others †¢ Intrapersonal intelligence deals with how a person deals with himself †¢ Naturalist intelligence deals with nature knowledge (Armstrong, 2000) These intelligences are used to gauge a persons inclination and offer alternatives for information ingestion by the brain. As opposed to the traditional IQ method, this presents an opportunity to for the educationist to explore new methods of teaching and exploring the talents of their students. By using the talents of their students, the teachers are able to explore the best methods of teaching for the student (Armstrong, 2000 pg. 110). The implications for teaching are enormous. The teacher is as a result made to use a variety of tools to teach. This makes it easier and more engaging for both the teacher (in creatively looking for solutions) and the pupils (making learning more conceptual and fun). The process also enables the students to discover their talents and inclinations early in life and therefore have a sense of direction in life. If the student is gifted in interpersonal intelligence, the student can start to chart their career path toward this talent and explore fields relevant to this talent (Armstrong, 2000 pg. 109). Another implication is that there is increased academic performance and decreased referrals to special education classes. This happens as the multiple intelligences model of learning in the classroom approaches teaching from the perspective of the student. It focuses on the needs of the student thus is sensitive to the needs of special students, that is, students who were not adequately catered for in the traditional system. This catering is done by identifying the strengths of the students rather than looking at their weakness. The intervention strategies employed by the teacher strengthen the students talents thus giving them better grip on their content. As a result of using strengths to equip these students, the students get a better understanding of the content and therefore do better in class. This leads to better self esteem and image by the students, since they can identify their different talents and successfully use them. The use of these varied talents and identification of their various needs also helps the students learn to appreciate their differences and thus cultivates their tolerance and understanding (Armstrong, 2000 pg. 108-111). In summary, the system allows the student to have personalized attention in terms of diagnosis and learning. Here, the student, not the course content, is king. This allows the student to learn in a way that is best suited for them personally by utilizing their strengths. The strengths and talents discovered help in the process of self-realization and self-esteem building of the student, thus having good emotional spill over effects. Therefore, this process is more advantageous and yields greater results. Part four: journal critique Lujan and DiCarlo (2006) in their discussion on the phenomenon of teaching but no learning cite the use of multiple intelligences as a useful tool in assisting the learning process. They cite that traditional learning methods do not effectively contribute to the learning process. Instead the process frustrates students due to large amounts of information needed in the course and frustration due to the inability to transfer these facts to their memory. The solution according to them is to make the learning process more active and participative. This will require that the teacher becomes more innovative in his methods of teaching. The use of games, music and other interactive methods are cited as helpful in the teaching process. The teachers role should shift from being a passive information transferor to an assistant and tool giver. He or she should offer support to the students to learn and explore by empowering them to be able to creatively solve problems and learn out of their own volition. As very well cited, it is the active learning and information processing rather than the information that is passively received that leads to learning (Lujan and DiCarlo, 2006). The other journal article becoming a truly helpful teacher, Jason (2007) examines how to make the teacher a more supportive person in the classroom environment. The argument of the author is that no matter how high your expertise or good your intentions, the teaching style one uses determines the learning effectiveness. The article is based on the teaching of health courses. These courses tend to be more challenging and exerting than others. He surprisingly suggests that the instructor should seek ways to make the course more challenging as opposed to making it easier. The challenge process, however, is not in a bid to make the course harder. The challenge is in a bid to make the course more attractive and involving for the students. The role of the teacher in such situations is less traditional and needs the full commitment of the teacher. His role becomes facilitating the student to own the course as opposed to viewing the course from the instructors perspective. The truth is that this process is exerting on the teacher and therefore needs commitment and patience on his or her part. The task should be taken in a long-run perspective as opposed to making the short term goal of exam passing. This way, you equip your students for life and obtain a deeper sense of satisfaction (Jason, 2007). Both articles examine the role of the teacher in the learning. They both agree overwhelmingly that the teachers role is increased in the use of active learning as opposed to passive. The teacher must facilitate the process of learning rather than force it using lectures. They both allude to the non-conscious learning principle of using the attitude of both the teacher and the student to influence the learning process. The teacher is a supporter, not forcer, of the information gathering process and is supposed to offer the right tools to the students to achieve this. The use of outside sources is stressed in detail by Lujan and DiCarlo as a resource tool at the teachers disposal. By making the students venture into other information resources, while using the teacher for support, the owning process described by Jason is facilitated. However, Jason also cites the challenging of the students by making the course a bit more difficult while still keeping it fun as a viable method of helping the student gain interest and gain more from the course. References Kaye E. , (1976), Attention and Memory. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Medphys (n. d). Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Brain, Sourced on 21 April 2009 http://74. 125. 47. 132/search? q=cache:29YkK2OXvngJ:www. medphys. ucl. ac. uk/research/borg/homepages/florian/thesis/pdf_files/p25_34. pdf+physiology+of+braincd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=keclient=firefox-a Mark B. , (n. d) Brain Physiology Part One: The Major Structures of the Brain. Sourced on 21 April 2009 http://www. enspirepress. com/writings_on_consciousness/brain_physiology/brain_physiology. html

E-commerce †the legal considerations Essay -- Computer Science

E-commerce – the legal considerations ===================================== There are lots of legal considerations and I've tried to include some of the main ones. Although e-commerce can mean a lot of things, here I've related it to actually selling items on a website (although a lot of the legal considerations would need to be considered even if you were not selling on the web. Data protection considerations ============================== The Data Protection Act lays down lots of rules that must be adhered to. If this is a website for a company that is already trading and keeps customer data then they should already be registered with the Information Commissioner but you may need to review what's been registered. The main points you need to consider is that for any data you collect on the site you must:  · Deal fairly with the info  · Tell the customer what data you collect  · Tell them what you are going to do with it  · Keep it safe and secure This should be set out in the website's terms and conditions (and you should link to it at the main point where you collect the data) Website terms and conditions ---------------------------- The site must have comprehensive terms and conditions and you will need to link to these wherever applicable (eg if you are selling there should be a check box that the consumer ticks to say "I have read the terms and conditions etc etc". Things the terms and conditions should contain include:  · Data protection act considerations (as explained above)  · Terms and conditions of use including copyright notice, general disclaimer, liabilities (or non-liabilities – especially in terms of credit card fraud)  · Full name, address, email etc of the trader, VAT number, Company number, member of trade organisation (if you are selling)  · A clear privacy policy explaining what you do with information collected on the site. This privacy policy must also set out if you use cookies on the site and what you use them for. This is all topical at the moment with the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regs 2003  · A clear "conditions of sale" which includes details of when the contract is actually formed (ie the order represents the offer and the email back confirming dispatch represents the acceptance) - avoid any mistakes like the Argos TV for  £3.99  · Clear returns policy .. ... encouraging more internet sales. At the same time, credit card companies are including "credit card fraud" insurance, again reassuring consumers Mobile connectivity =================== Handheld PDA, WAP services and wireless hotspots are all making web access easier Intelligent sites and targeted marketing ======================================== Sites are becoming more technologically advanced allowing companies to target customers with specific products depending on their recorded preferences or previous buying habits. One of the best examples of this is Amazon who instantly provide other book recommendations based on your purchase or on the purchases of other customers who bought the same book. Similar data collection also allows companies to do targeted email campaigns ensuring the right product is marketed to the right person (well that's the intention anyway!!) This practice is being taken one step further with Googles planned g-mail which will automatically scan the content of a users personal emails and then deliver further targeted mails based on their content (but which is subject to a lot of criticism at the moment about privacy rights)

Fairy Tales Essay

Fairy tales are often considered to be for children. However an analysis of the collection of stories by the Brothers Grimm shows that they all have message to deliver, even to young adults. In today’s rat race, young adults often forget the importance of little things that we learnt as children. Everyone knows what morals are, however theoretically. People today, are always in a great hurry. More often than not when someone’s in trouble, they would do anything to get out of the situation. Under such circumstances people make false promises. The story of the Frog King touches upon this aspect of human behavior. The princess promises the frog that all his demands will be met if he retrieves her golden ball. However on receiving the ball, she blissfully forgets her promise and runs away without the frog. However, when the frog turns up at her door, she has to fulfill her promise at her father’s insistence. This story highlights the fact that promises are meant to be kept and not broken. It emphasizes the point that people should learn to honor their word, for a promise breeds trust and trust should never be broken. Young adults also put too much by store on the appearance of things. This many a times proves to be a booby trap, as expectations are rarely met in such circumstances. This aspect is touched upon in both the stories, the Frog King and Hansel and Gretel. In the latter, the brother and sister are in awe of the candy house and trust the old woman to be nice. It’s only a little later that they realize the witch’s wicked intentions. Their false judgment of the witch on the basis of the house she lived in put their life in danger. In the Frog King the princess was reluctant to fulfill her promises because she found the frog repulsive, who later turned out to be a handsome prince. The stories teach us that not everything thing that glitters is gold and that we should never judge a book by its cover. Fairy tales enthrall not only ones imagination, they also serve the purpose of delivering important messages. The subtlety with which the message is delivered is plausible. The use of metaphors is most common in the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. The style in which the message is delivered is both entertaining and instructive. In the story of Little   Red Cap, the message that people who commit evil deeds can never escape their fate is beautifully stated by the following statement –‘They filled the wolf’s body with them, and when he woke up and tried to run away, the stones were so heavy that he fell down dead.’ This states that one’s evil deeds weigh down upon him/her and become the cause of their death in the end. This line uses a beautiful metaphorical sentence to convey the message, where the stones are the evil deeds committed. In the story flowers and emotional attachment are shown as distractions that steer people away from their path. The wolf realizes that Little Red Cap greatly lover her grandmother and in order to delay her distracted her with the beautiful flowers she could take for her grandmother. Greed can never be satiated and always leads to something unwanted are stated in the story of Rapunzel. The object of greed in the story is the rampion that Rapunzel’s mother craves for. Despite her husband satisfying her cravings once she wants more. This ultimately leads to her losing her daughter in a bargain to the wicked witch. To summarize, the stories of the Brother Grimm use beautiful imagery and metaphors to deliver yet important messages that many seem to forget in a hurry.

Crime and the Life Course

Developmental theory is a subfield of criminology and a subfield of psychology sometimes known as â€Å"child† or â€Å"adolescent† psychology. Developmental theory is about normal human development, or growing up. It looks for the causes of crime in the complex mix, or interaction, of various childhoods cognitive deficits (e. g. , low IQ, attention deficit disorder, conduct problems, cognitive â€Å"scripts†) with various situational, or contextual, handicaps (e. g. , school failure, peer rejection, parental abuse or neglect, and gender/ethnic discrimination).The concept of critical criminology is that crime and the present day processes of criminalization are rooted in the core structures of society is of more relevance today than it has been at any other time. American feminism has its origins in the 1848 women's rights convention held at Seneca Falls, New York where a â€Å"Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions† was passed. This first wave of femi nism was anti-slavery oriented and wished for the emancipation of peoples everywhere who were being usurped and exploited.It ended in 1920 with passage of the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. Second-wave feminism started in the late 1960s and was called the â€Å"women's liberation movement†, devoted to greater social, political, and economic equality. It focused on the emancipation of women and liberal correctives to the role of women in society. The third wave of feminism started in the late 1980s, devoted to an analysis of patriarchy, or the pervasiveness of male dominance. It was basically a critical or radical movement that looked into how society could be transformed.How might developmental theories explain the existence of habitual offenders? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a biologist who originally studied mollusks (publishing twenty scientific papers on them by the time he was 21) but moved into the study of the development of children's understanding, thr ough observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set. His view of how children's minds work and develop has been enormously influential, particularly in educational theory (Atherton, 2009).His particular insight was the role of maturation (simply growing up) in children's increasing capacity to understand their world: they cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. His research has spawned a great deal more, much of which has undermined the detail of his own, but like many other original investigators, his importance comes from his overall vision (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). He proposed that children's thinking does not develop entirely smoothly: instead, there are certain points at which it â€Å"takes off† and moves into completely new areas and capabilities.He saw these transitions as taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that before these ages ch ildren are not capable (no matter how bright) of understanding things in certain ways, and has been used as the basis for scheduling the school curriculum (Blumstein, 2003). Whether or not should be the case is a different matter. Most offenders commit crimes during their teen and early adulthood years, and then desist as they approach or enter their 30s. Those who do not desist, the habitual offenders, frequently come under the psychological research microscope.Developmental and biological factors (e. g. , conduct disorders or deficits in neurological hormones) often can predict habitual offending. Although psychologists should be alert to these factors, they must be careful not to assume that children who demonstrate them will become the criminals of tomorrow (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). According to Lombroso, 1972, the habitual criminal was best described as one who entered a lifestyle of crime by way of a number of circumstances. An example of a habitual criminal would be a member of organized crime.Political criminals were distinguished by their violent nature. Most of these violent acts were based on anger, love, or honor. Although these characters displayed great intellect, altruism, religious ideals, and patriotism, they were also thought to be pathological due to their high rates of suicide (Lombroso, 1972). Lombroso generally used the same techniques to classify female offenders as he did males. Although the amount of crime committed by females was much lower than that of males, he believed that females were more ferocious in their acts.Most of his ideas concerning female criminality were based on the idea that they were more like children than males. He believed that they were vengeful, jealous, morally deficient, and predisposed to cruelty (Einstadter & Henry, 1995). Within the field of criminology, developmental theory is closely related to an effort called â€Å"general† theory (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993), although the difference is that genera l theory implies a policy of selective incapacitation (wicked people exist, and all you can do is lock them away) while developmental theory looks for intervention opportunities (e.g. , tipping and turning points, desistence, life-course changes, pathways).The appeal of criminal psychology, as it is presently dominated by the developmental perspective, has the same appeal as most psychodynamic psychology in that it seems to offer all the answers that any criminal, no matter how bad, can be rehabilitated or reformed and that any delinquent, no matter how bad, can be saved from a lifetime of crime (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). Developmental theories describe humans as evolving through certain stages from birth through adulthood.In each of these stages humans are capable of mastering certain things, such as developing empathy or learning to predict the outcome of their actions. If a person stops development due to a trauma or simply fails to progress from one stage of development to the next , that person may remain in a certain stage of development (Dannefer, 1984). Also, developmental theories believe that during each stage of development people learn to act in the world and react to the world in different ways. Again, if a stage is missed or if development stops, a person may never make up the lost time and master the skills learned at a certain stage.Developmental theories find that if a stage of development is missed then a person cannot return to it at a later point in time, it is gone forever (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993). Possible explanations for why people commit habitual offenses is that they may not learn from their mistakes, cannot predict the consequences of their actions, or do not feel empathy for their victims. This makes sense if one considers that under developmental theories a person who did not naturally progress through a certain stage would not develop empathy, self control, or be able to predict the outcome of their actions (Atherton, 2009).These t hings are learned at a specific point in time in childhood. If a person leaves a stage of development without having mastered empathy, the ability to control behavior, or ability to predict consequences, then that person can be seen to easily fall into the trap of becoming a habitual offender. That person lacks the tools necessary to stop their behavior, just like a two year old cannot stop a tantrum. Habitual offenders, like two year olds, may have failed to progress through the self control or empathy stage (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993). Recent developmental theories strongly support typologies of offending.Typological theories classify offenders into different groups (just as group-based modeling does) with each group having its own history of delinquent behavior (Dannefer, 1984). For example, some theories differentiate between life course persistent offenders who start offending early, offend at a high rate, and persist through the life course, and adolescent limited offenders wh o start offending late, offend at a low rate, and desist by the time they emerge into adulthood. Some theories further suggest that the causes of offending vary across groups (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).Peer pressure, for example, may be more relevant for adolescent limited offenders than for life course persistent offenders. Group-based modeling now provides the opportunity to fully explore these ideas and their implications on theory and practice (Dannefer, 1984). Explain the implications that feminist criminology holds for our legal system In feminist theories, individuals attempt to give another dimension to criminology, in the form of gender. The supporters of these theories are for the most part trying to bring a new form of awareness to the way crime is viewed.Instead of focusing on criminals who are male performing crimes against other males, it is argued that criminologists need to investigate more how the female affects this preconceived approach to crime (French, 2006). Many p arties concerned with this type of critical approach to criminology also try to educate other female criminologists. This is important to this group of individuals because too many times, female criminologists will adopt the male perspective and perpetuate the same cycle of applying male concepts on females in the world of crime (Daly, 1997).Developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, feminist criminology addresses the gender distortions and stereotyping of female violators. Politically, feminist criminology draws from Marxist, Liberal, and Socialist schools of thought†¦ but the main point of feminist criminology is to discuss how women came to be in subservient roles to men and how the criminal justice system can address male-biased control theory as it relates to female violators, their punishment, and imprisonment French, 2006). Feminist criminology contains many branches.Liberal, radical, Marxist, and socialist feminism are widely recognized, although other â€Å"strands† exist such as postmodernism and ecofeminism. Most feminist criminology involves critiques about how women offenders have been ignored, distorted, or stereotyped within traditional criminology, but there is no shortage of separate theories and modifications of existing theories. Almost all women criminologists or criminologists of women who examine gender and crime have addressed the â€Å"gender ratio† problem (why women are less likely, and men more likely, to commit crime).Others study the generalizability problem (whether traditional male theories can modify to explain female offending). Most feminists are quick to point out where stereotypical thinking and theoretical dead ends exist, although the main problem complained about in most criminology is the simple fact that gender matters and should not be ignored (French, 2006). Feminist standpoint theory asserts that human materiality, the biological, physical activities, and possessions, shape the way knowledge is formed and delineates the inequalities of patriarchal thought (Gelsthorpe, 1997).If crime is seen as an act of aggression, and men are biologically characterized for their aggressive nature than not only is criminal theory male centered, so is the criminal practice. If society accepts that men are predisposed to aggression, which leads to crime, then women are socialized as passive actors and consequently many times the victimized. The implications for women are their sense of powerlessness and far reaching dependency upon men (Daly, 1997). The masculinity of the victim as it is depicted through criminal theory and public observation has altered the ways in which particular crimes are addressed.Rape crimes and domestic crimes are predominantly male perpetrated and female inflicted. The victim of assault is viewed by different standards when gender questions are involved. The realists define assault as strictly a coercive act committed in the street, in a public house or any other public ve nue (French, 2006)). Domestic violence, however, is not a form of assault despite the fact that it is the form of assault most likely to occur to a woman (Naffine, 1996).Domestic violence is given a special class of victimization, â€Å"public assault (which a man is most likely to experience) is the standard case; domestic violence is the complication†. Women never appear as more than a special instance of victimization (Naffine, 1996). This sexist interpretation of crime and law is just one example of the discrimination played out against women assumed by fault of women's designation to the private sphere and men's role in the public sphere.The definition of crime related to sexual acts is not consensually agreed on by men and women (Gelsthorpe, 1997). The legal definition of prostitution, pornography, domestic abuse, and rape is not proved by the harm inflicted to women, rather man's understanding of those acts, â€Å"The place of women in realist criminology is deeply tr aditional. Women are there to receive special protection, because they are considered vulnerable to crime, but their experiences are never allowed to set the defining conditions of the realist project†(Naffine, 1996).Liberal feminism operates within the existing social structures to draw attention to women's issues, promote women's rights, increase women's opportunities, and transform women's roles in society. Radical feminism looks at how women came to occupy subservient roles in the first place, what male power consists of, and how societies themselves can be transformed (French, 2006). Marxist feminism ties patriarchy or male privilege into the economic structure of capitalism, as when female offenders are sentenced for property or sexual crimes (by threatening male dominance of property relationships or male control of women's bodies).Socialist feminism offers ideas about more equitable roles for women as sex providers, child bearers, nursemaids, and homemakers, so that th ey can take their rightful place in society (Naffine, 1996). Postmodern feminism substitutes language production for economic production and studies how discourse and male-dominated thinking is used to set women apart (Gelsthorpe, 1997). What are the implications that critical criminology brings to society?While criminology is the scientific study of the interactions that inherently occur between criminals and the public or the criminal elements and society, critical criminology is slightly different. This concept of criminology has a solid foundation in the belief that a singular crime is considered to be criminal due to the historical and social beliefs at the time (Hirschi, 1969). For example, one famous illustration of this is that homosexuality was considered to be illegal for individuals in the United Kingdom. This type of interaction between individuals was declared legal for men over 21, but this was not until 1967.Since there is nothing within the act that changed over the years, the only thing that changed was the judicial government at the time and what they believed was morally right or wrong. Overall, there is nothing deemed inherently wrong about the act itself. One of the main questions that individuals interested in critical criminology need to ask themselves whether or not an act is a crime because it is wrong or whether it is merely a crime because someone with the elected power decided to make it so (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973).Critical criminology brings theories and paradigms of understanding about deviance and crime against our society at a particular time. These theories and paradigms are frameworks for understanding why people deviate from societal norms, how our society decides what is deviant and what is not at a particular time, and how individuals, groups, and society might prevent, deter, and/or punish violators based on past, present, and future societal controls (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960).An example would be that prior to the tur n of the 20th century, drugs like opium and cocaine were legal and unregulated in the United States. Critical criminology focuses on how societal norms change, as did attitudes about drugs and the behavior that their use may or may not have caused. Many theorists agree that making most drugs like marijuana and others, illegal in the 1960s, societal attitudes about their use had changed to a point where laws were ratified and enforced as a means of social control of those using the drugs, namely the sub-cultures and Hippies.In this example, certain crimes are considered deviant behavior because certain groups in society say they are. â€Å"Critical criminologists tend to claim that conventional criminology theories fail to ‘lay bare the structural inequalities which underpin the processes through which laws are created and enforced' (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973) and that ‘deviancy and criminality' is ‘shaped by society's larger structure of power and institutions ' (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960)Criminologists have long sought to establish causal links between the prevailing economic conditions and the level of criminality in existence in society at any given time and have rightly described how inequality the widening gap between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’ is probably a significant measure of how criminogenic a society is likely to become.There has, however, been hardly any research conducted in recent years to examine the most obvious criminological reality: namely, that we should see the crime explosion of the past twenty years as the direct outcome of the neoliberal political economy with the reality that much of the crime we are currently experiencing has its origins in business deregulation. Thus, it is not simply a question of how crime might rise in such circumstances, but rather how it is that these circumstances have already created the crimes that have brought devastation to whole swathes of our towns and cit ies (Hall, Winlow & Ancrum, 2008).Within critical criminology, there are a number of theories that have been formed. Conflict theories were never very popular within the United States, in part due to the fact that during the late 1970’s, when critical criminology was more popular, there were many criminology departments that were closed due to political reasons (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973). Other critical criminologists were concerned that conflict theories did not properly address the different issues that faced society.Critics of conflict theories that exist in criminology maintain that these individuals ignored some important differences in the level of criminal activities between socialist and capitalist societies. Japan and Switzerland are two countries that are socialist in nature, but they have extremely low rates of crime in their countries, as compared to capitalist societies like the United States of America (Hall, Winlow & Ancrum, 2008). ConclusionCognitive deve lopment typically refers to age-related changes in knowledge and acts of knowing, such as perceiving, remembering, problem solving, reasoning, and understanding. The development of cognition is studied most frequently in infants, children, and adolescents, where changes often are relatively rapid and striking. Many researchers also study cognitive development in aging adults, in children and adults during recovery of function following brain damage, and in a variety of species other than humans.In feminist theories, individuals attempt to allow another dimension to criminology, in the shape of gender. The supporters of those theories are for the foremost half trying to bring a new kind of awareness to the method crime is viewed. Instead of focusing on criminals who are male performing crimes against different males, it is argued that criminologists want to research a lot of how the feminine affects this preconceived approach to crime.Several parties involved with this sort of import ant approach to criminology conjointly strive to educate other female criminologists. This is necessary to the current group of individuals as a result of too many times, feminine criminologists can adopt the male perspective and perpetuate the same cycle of applying male ideas on females in the planet of crime. Critical criminology, also called radical criminology, shares with conflict criminology a debt to Marxism. It came into prominence in the early 1970s and attempted to explain contemporary social upheavals.Critical criminology relies on economic explanations of behavior and argues that economic and social inequalities cause criminal behavior. It focuses less on the study of individual criminals, and advances the belief that existing crime cannot be eliminated within the capitalist system. It also asserts, like the conflict school, that law has an inherent bias in favor of the upper or ruling class, and that the state and its legal system exist to advance the interests of the ruling class.

Free Essays on Leadership And Management

INTRODUCTION Management is a phenomenon that has yet to be figured out. There are millions upon millions of books, articles, journals and various other types of commentary on management. These range from information on planning, organizing, administering, monitoring, controlling, motivating, participating, and inspiring organizations in long and short-term. All of these terms not only refer to roles of a manager, but also a leader. In today’s society with the increase in the global market and the rapid change in technology, it is extremely difficult for managers to perform all of the above functions, especially monitoring and controlling each employee. That is why leadership has become increasingly important within the motivational role. Leader and manager are terms that are synonymous, so there has become a focus on types of leadership depicted by theories, models and many other types of research. This paper is based upon the belief that it is crucial to research further into the theories of leadership and the roles of management and leadership. These terms tend to be confusing due to the functions of the manager and the term â€Å"leadership† as a conception, not a function. Management and leadership have different roles in various situations, and have been defined by these roles. In the book called The One Minute Manager, the author discusses various situations in which he is consulting a client. As this consultant was mentoring an entrepreneur on how to become a more effective manager, he began discussing the role of the manager, and assumptions of that role, â€Å"The assumption is that everyone works for the person above them in the organizational ladder. As a result, managers are thought to be ‘responsible’ for planning, organizing and evaluating everything that happens in the organization while their people are supposed to be ‘responsive to the directives of management’. That is why people like you end u... Free Essays on Leadership And Management Free Essays on Leadership And Management INTRODUCTION Management is a phenomenon that has yet to be figured out. There are millions upon millions of books, articles, journals and various other types of commentary on management. These range from information on planning, organizing, administering, monitoring, controlling, motivating, participating, and inspiring organizations in long and short-term. All of these terms not only refer to roles of a manager, but also a leader. In today’s society with the increase in the global market and the rapid change in technology, it is extremely difficult for managers to perform all of the above functions, especially monitoring and controlling each employee. That is why leadership has become increasingly important within the motivational role. Leader and manager are terms that are synonymous, so there has become a focus on types of leadership depicted by theories, models and many other types of research. This paper is based upon the belief that it is crucial to research further into the theories of leadership and the roles of management and leadership. These terms tend to be confusing due to the functions of the manager and the term â€Å"leadership† as a conception, not a function. Management and leadership have different roles in various situations, and have been defined by these roles. In the book called The One Minute Manager, the author discusses various situations in which he is consulting a client. As this consultant was mentoring an entrepreneur on how to become a more effective manager, he began discussing the role of the manager, and assumptions of that role, â€Å"The assumption is that everyone works for the person above them in the organizational ladder. As a result, managers are thought to be ‘responsible’ for planning, organizing and evaluating everything that happens in the organization while their people are supposed to be ‘responsive to the directives of management’. That is why people like you end u...

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Labs play a significant role in AP Chemistry, and knowledge of experimental procedures is critical for the final exam. If you're an AP Chemistry student (or are considering becoming one), this guide will help you understand what to expect from the lab components of the course. I'll provide an overview of the types of AP Chemistry labs you'll see, the amount of time you'll spend on them, and what a real lab procedure looks like. You'll also learn how lab reports are structured and what you can do during the lab to ensure that you're getting the most out of your experience! What Are the Lab Requirements for AP Chemistry? Twenty-five percent of class time in AP Chemistry is devoted to labs, so they’re a big part of the course.The College Board even says in the course description that increased lab time is correlated with higher AP scores!You will be expected to conduct at least sixteen hands-on lab experiments throughout the year, and at least six of those sixteen must be "guided inquiry" labs. The College Board emphasizes an inquiry-based approach in the most up to date curriculum guidelines for AP Chemistry.This means that you’ll be asked to work independently at times. The teacher will provide a prompt or question, but you'll design the rest of the lab.This gives you the opportunity to conduct valid experiments that test your hypotheses without a teacher holding your hand the whole way. This approach is geared towards helping students develop scientific skill sets that they will use later in life when there isn't a teacher around to give them the answers. In guided inquiry labs, you will be expected to: Come up with a scientific question Decide which variables you will investigate Design and conduct experimental procedures Collect, analyze, interpret, and display data Present conclusions appropriately The other (up to) ten labs in the course may be traditional teacher-directed labs, but they will still support the learning objectives of the course. A full list of AP Chemistry learning objectives divided by the main themes or â€Å"Big Ideas†can be found on page 107 of the course guidelines.The goal for each lab is to incorporate as many of these objectives as possible so that students get the most out of their time. Each lab will serve a purpose in helping you grasp essential concepts in AP Chemistry. Which AP Chemistry Labs Will You Actually Have to Do? The AP Chemistry lab curriculum offers a fair amount of flexibility.The College Board provides a lab manual to teachers that includes 16 guided inquiry labs. Teachers can then choose at least six of those labs to conduct in class.The other ten or more labs in the course may be teacher-directed (traditional, step-by-step labs where all students follow one exact procedure). Examples of lab topics you might explore in AP Chemistry include: Spectroscopy Determine the concentration of a solute in solution based on the color of the solution Gravimetric Analysis of a Precipitate Find the identity of an unknown compound using mass data Stoichiometry Determine the amount of dissolved particles present in solution Solubility Determine the amount of dissolved ions in solution Redox Titration Measure the amount of acid contained in a solution Reaction Rate Manipulating variables to see how they affect chemical reaction rates Energy Determine change in energy in various chemical reactions Equilibrium Maximizing yield in chemical reactions Weak Acid Titration Drawing conclusions about acid properties from a pH titration curve for a weak acid Buffers Explore how buffers are made and what determines their capacity to resist changes in pH Electrochemistry Using electrolysis to induce non-spontaneous chemical reactions Get ready to explore the fascinating and terrifying landscape of microscopic particles that make up our world. AP Chemistry Lab Example Here’s a more specific example of an AP Chemistry Lab.In this case, it was derived from the AP Chemistry Lab Manual, so it’s an inquiry-based lab. Lab Title: The Preparation and Testing of an Effective Buffer: How Do Components Influence a Buffer's pH and Capacity?† Experiment Overview: In this experiment, the pH of water and a number of other solutions will be measured, and then acids and bases will be added to see how the pH is affected. Several buffer solutions of different pH values will be prepared and tested for their ability to resist change in pH. This covers the following AP Chemistry learning objective (LO 6.18):The student can design a buffer solution with a target pH and buffer capacity by selecting an appropriate conjugate acid-base pair and estimating the concentration needed to achieve the desired capacity. Materials Needed: Hardware: Balance with 0.01-gram precision Four 100 mL beakers Three pipets Buret, ring stand, buret clamp Two 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks Two graduated cylinders, 25 mL and 100 mL pH meter Stirring rod Wash bottle and distilled water Chemical Solutions: 20 mL Acetic acid, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonia, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL HCl, 0.10 M 1 mL of 1 percent Phenolphthalein 20 mL sodium acetate, 0.10 M 40 mL sodium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL sodium hydroxide, 0.10 M Unknown solid acid sample, 2.0 g Safety Precautions (an extremely important part of each lab, especially when you’re dealing with strong acids!): Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical resistant gloves, and a chemical resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. Procedure: Part 1: pH Changes in Non-buffered Solutions 1. Place 20 mL of distilled or deionized water in a 100 mL beaker. Test the pH using a pH meter. Record the pH.2. Using a pipet, add one drop of 0.10 M HCl, stir the solution and again test and record the pH.3. Repeat step 2 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M HCl.4. Repeat steps 1-3 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution.5. Place 20 mL of distilled or deionized water in a 100 mL beaker. Test the pH using a pH meter. Record the pH.6. Using a pipet, add one drop of 0.10 M NaOH, stir the solution and again test the pH and record.7. Repeat step 6 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M NaOH.8. Repeat steps 5-7 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution. Part 2: pH Changes in Buffered Solutions 9. To prepare a buffer, use 25 mL graduated cylinder to add 10 mL of 0.10 M HC2H3O2 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaC2H3O2 to a 100 mL beaker.10. Measure the pH of the buffer solution and record.. Add 1 drop of 0.10 M HCl, stir, measure and record the pH.12. Repeat step for two additional drops of 0.10 M HCl.13. Prepare a fresh sample of the HC2H3O2 - C2H3O2- buffer as in step 9.14. Repeat steps and 12 by adding 0.10 M NaOH.15. Prepare a basic buffer by combining 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH4Cl in a 100 mL beaker.16. Repeat steps and 12 for this basic buffer solution.17. Repeat step 14 by preparing a fresh sample of the basic buffer and testing it with a dropwise addition of three drops of 0.10 M NaOH. Part 3: Preparation of Buffer of a Given pH 18. Weigh out 1.8 to 2.0 g of a solid acid assigned to you.19. Dissolve the acid in 150 mL of distilled water in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask 1).20. Pour 75 mL of this solution into a second 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask 2), add 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution, and titrate to the phenolphthalein color change with 0.20 M NaOH. Record the volume of titrant. You now have a solution of a weak acid in flask 1, and a solution of the sodium salt of the weak acid (its conjugate base) in the second flask 2. Make the concentrations of the two solutions the same by adding the same volume of distilled water to the acid flask 1 as the volume of NaOH you used to titrate the solution in flask 2.21. Combine 10.0 mL of your weak acid solution in flask 1 with 10.0 mL of the conjugate base solution in flask 2, mix, and measure the pH and record. This is the pKa of the acid.22. Your teacher will assign you the pH of a buffer to prepare. Calculate the volume of weak acid and conjugate base that you will need to prepare 50 mL of a buffer of the assigned pH. 23. Measure out the volumes of acid and conjugate base, mix then measure and record the pH.24.Test your buffer solution to see if it resists changes in pH by measuring 20.0 mL of the and adding 3 drops of 0.10 M HCl, and repeating with 20.0 mL of buffer and 3 drops of NaOH. Record the pH values after each addition. Conclusion Questions: 1. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to distilled water affected its pH.2. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to 0.10 M NaCl solution affected its pH.3. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to the acetic acid-acetate ion buffer affected the pH.4. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to the ammonia-ammonium ion buffer affected the pH.5. Did your prepared buffer match your assigned pH value? Explain.6. Comment on the ability of your prepared buffer to resist the change of pH when acid and base were added in the last step of the investigation. Notice that this lab ultimately requires independent problem-solving skills on the part of the student.You must create your own buffer solution of a certain pH and then test it to see if it’s effective.While the procedure is clearly laid out, it won’t be exactly the same for each person.You could come up with more than one way to make the final buffer solution for any given pH, so the lab is flexible depending on how you think about the problem.This type of lab encourages you to use knowledge of chemistry to solve a problem creatively. All the pieces of the puzzle are there for guided inquiry labs, but you're responsible for putting them together! You'd better hope it's not one of those puzzles with a million blue sky pieces that all look the same. How Are Lab Reports Structured? Ah, lab reports, the not-so-fun part of playing with chemicals.Lab reports might seem daunting, but if you conduct the experiment properly and prepare some parts of your report beforehand, you should be fine. I took the lab guidelines below from a sample syllabus provided by the College Board.It lists ten essential components of an AP Chemistry lab report and shows when each should be completed (before, during, or after the lab is conducted). Your teacher may have slightly different expectations (sometimes you have to list the materials needed for the lab before the procedure, for example), and even those will change slightly depending on the nature of the lab.These are just the components of a standard chemistry lab report to give you an idea of what to expect! To Set Up Your Lab Report, You Will: 1. Write an accurate descriptive title for the lab (i.e. pH Titration Lab)2. Write the date of the lab3. Provide a purpose statement explaining the point of the lab4. Write an outline of the lab procedure (often this is in bullet-point form)5. Answer any pre-lab questions 6. Create data tables that you’ll fill in during the lab During the Lab You Will: 7. Record data from the experiment in a neat, well-organized fashion After the Lab You Will: 8. Show calculations and draw out any corresponding graphs (be sure to label everything correctly!)9. Write a conclusion about your findings (format may vary depending on the lab)10. Answer post-lab error analysis questions Note that you should always write these reports in the 3rd person (i.e. "the solution was titrated" rather than "I titrated the solution"). Lab reports are intended to be objective statements of the facts, so â€Å"I† or â€Å"We† statements will just make them seem less credible! Always use the third person in scientific writing. I mean, look at that dude. He clearly knows way more about chemistry than those other two schmucks. Tips for AP Chemistry Labs Here are some essential tips you should keep in mind during AP Chemistry labs. They'll save you from wasting your time in class and turning in a crappy lab report! Tip #1: Don’t Get Careless If you’re tired or just not feelin’ chemistry one day, the last thing you want to hear is that you’re expected to get out of your chair and do a lab.On those occasions, try to summon your remaining strength to get through the class.If you don’t do a lab correctly the first time, you’ll be in for a lot of trouble when you try to write your report. You know a movie is going to be bad if the director has to say â€Å"we’ll fix it in post-production.† Similarly, if you mess up during the actual experiment, don’t think â€Å"eh - I’ll just fix it in the lab report.† You should do things correctly so that you don’t get the wrong impression of how the lab was conducted and end up struggling on your next test (or handing in data that makes no sense).Redo everything the right way before moving forward! Tip #2: Record Everything Clearly (and Don’t Fudge the Data Later) The most critical part of each lab is data collection.It would be tough to forget to write down all of your data, but sometimes you can end up writing illegibly or organizing results in a way that won’t make sense to you later. Carefully lay out your data tables before starting the experiment so that you have a designated place to record results.Try to write clearly and neatly so there’s no chance of misunderstandings. If your data doesn’t fit with your hypothesis of how the lab was supposed to go, write it down anyways (as long as you don’t think you made any big mistakes in following the procedure).You’ll be able to discuss why your data was wonky in the conclusion section of the report.Don’t get in the habit of faking results - it makes the experiment pointless. Tip #3: Ask for Clarification if Necessary Your teacher is there to help you, so don’t be afraid to use him or her as a resource!If, at any point during the lab, you’re not sure whether you’re conducting the procedure correctly, you should check in with your teacher to verify.This will prevent the nightmare scenario of sitting down to write a lab report and realizing you essentially did a completely different lab and have no usable data. Everyone has the same nightmare when they follow the wrong lab procedure: You're walking through a gloomy forest when suddenly you sense that you're being watched. You hear a haunting whisper, "I tooooold you to use 20 ml of HClllll." You wake up in a cold sweat as you're about to be sacrificed over a Bunsen burner by a coven of AP Chemistry teachers. Conclusion AP Chemistry is a fairly lab-centric course, so you should be prepared to spend a lot of time doing hands-on experiments (at least 25 percent of the class!). The lab requirements are open to some interpretation, but, per the curriculum guidelines, courses must include at least 16 labs total, at least six of which are special "guided inquiry" labs. These are independently-conducted labs where students have greater agency over the procedure and outcome. When conducting labs, you should keep the following tips in mind: 1. Don't Get Careless2. Record Everything Clearly, and Don't Fudge the Data Later3. Ask Your Teacher for Clarification if Necessary Adhering to these tips will make the process of writing a lab report relatively painless later. If you conduct the experiment correctly and have solid data, the only part of the report that you'll need to worry about is the conclusion. The goal of all this lab work is to teach you to apply sound scientific practices across a variety of circumstances. Many questions on the final exam will ask you to analyze experimental scenarios based on your knowledge of lab procedure and chemical properties. In some cases, you might even recognize experiments from class! What's Next? If you're kind of nervous about taking AP Chemistry, take a look at my article analyzing the difficulty level of the course across five different metrics. Are you looking for a good review book? Check out my list of the best AP Chemistry review books available for students this year! Still working on planning out your schedule? Learn more about which science classes you should take in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: